{"id":51581,"date":"2013-08-20T14:30:00","date_gmt":"2013-08-20T14:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/uncategorized\/19-what-do-chromatograms-tell-us-first-peaks-elute-with-solvent-peak\/"},"modified":"2026-01-19T23:34:27","modified_gmt":"2026-01-19T23:34:27","slug":"19-what-do-chromatograms-tell-us-first-peaks-elute-with-solvent-peak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/blogs\/gnbl4558\/19-what-do-chromatograms-tell-us-first-peaks-elute-with-solvent-peak","title":{"rendered":"[19] What do Chromatograms tell us? First Peaks elute with Solvent Peak"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"118\" height=\"114\" src=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/blog-19-what-do-chromatograms-tell-us-first-peaks-elute-with-solvent-peak-01.jpg\" alt=\"Jaap de Zeeuw examining a GC column\" class=\"wp-image-12394\" title=\"-\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Chromatograms are like fingerprints.&nbsp; If you can \u201cread\u201d chromatograms well, you often can find a plausible cause. In this series, we will show a series of GC-chromatograms that are obtained from users and discuss some potential causes for the phenomena. Then we can move into some solutions for improvement.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A chromatographer having a challenge, shared a chromatogram as shown in fig. 1 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/blog-19-what-do-chromatograms-tell-us-first-peaks-elute-with-solvent-peak-02.gif\" alt=\"chromatogram showing strong solvent tail\" class=\"wp-image-12400\" title=\"-\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Fig.1 Chromatogram showing strong solvent tail. Peaks 1-3 are not separated: Peak 4 elutes on a skimmed base line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The sample contained 17 components, but the first 4 components did elute within or on the tail of the solvent, making quantification impossible or inaccurate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Usually when the solvent is tailing, there is an injection challenge or there is dead volume involved.\u00a0 For instance, we discussed dead volume in a previous blog, where column coupling was done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are however several other conditions that cause solvent peak tailing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most obvious ones are: \u201ccolumn installed not correctly\u201d and \u201cinjection temperature too low\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other factors could be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Split-line blocked<\/strong>&nbsp;(check if split-flows are indeed correct);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Too&nbsp;large injection volume for liner used<\/strong>&nbsp;(calculate volume of expanded solvent and compare with liner volume). For splitless, we recommend 4mm liners an &nbsp;for split ideally you use a 2mm ID, but 4 mm will work also if components are not too volatile.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Polarity of solvent used:<\/strong>&nbsp; if a very polar solvent is used, like methanol, it will always show some tailing, which will cause the tailing solvent peak.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Injection conditions also need to be considered.&nbsp; If splitless injection is used, the injection time needs to be optimized. Solvent peak has to show up as a sharp broad band\u201d (like the trunk of a tree). Also make sure you start the oven 20C below the boiling point of the solvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In split injection, the split flow may be set too low, or the evaporation needs to be improved. One can use&nbsp;Restek Premium Liners&nbsp;for the best evaporation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If all of this is optimized, we also can also choose&nbsp;<strong>a different column<\/strong>&nbsp;for the separation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To generate more retention for the volatile components,&nbsp;<strong>a thicker film<\/strong> is the most easy way to get the volatile components out of the solvent.&nbsp; For most phases a thicker film is available.&nbsp; The other effect is, that also later eluting components will have a higher retention. Oven programming needs to go higher. Roughly one can expect elution temperatures to be approximate 15C higher when the film thickness increases a factor 2.&nbsp; Higher elution temperatures may affect S\/N, especially if the columns starts to bleed. Lucky with the new generation phases (like Rxi), the columns can be used up to 350C and bleed is a minor issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One can also try to&nbsp;<strong>start at a lower temperature<\/strong>&nbsp;to increase the retention for the first components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lastly,&nbsp;<strong>another stationary phase<\/strong>&nbsp;can be selected for the target analytes. This however, will immediately impact the retention times and relative positions of all components, so validation will take extra time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With special thanks to Denise Domingos da Silvo from Works at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Federal-University-of-Campina-Grande\/114963785185496?ref=br_rs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Federal University of Campina Grande<\/a>, &nbsp;for sharing the challenge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chromatograms are like fingerprints. If you can \u201cread\u201d chromatograms well, you often can find a plausible cause. In this series, we will show a series of GC-chromatograms that are obtained from users and discuss some potential causes for the phenomena&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"industries-application":[],"post-badge":[],"resource-type":[],"product-library":[],"resource-technique":[2294],"hf_cat_post":[623],"ppma_author":[439],"class_list":["post-51581","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","resource-technique-gas-chromatography-gc"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":9,"label":"Blogs"}],"resource-technique":[{"value":2294,"label":"Gas Chromatography (GC)"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"Jaap de Zeeuw","author_link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/author\/jaap-de-zeeuw\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":9,"name":"Blogs","slug":"blogs","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":9,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":442,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":9,"category_count":442,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Blogs","category_nicename":"blogs","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"authors":[{"term_id":439,"user_id":19,"is_guest":0,"slug":"jaap-de-zeeuw","display_name":"Jaap de Zeeuw","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/people-de-zeeuw-jaap.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/people-de-zeeuw-jaap.jpg"},"0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51581","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51581"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51581\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":83062,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51581\/revisions\/83062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51581"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51581"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51581"},{"taxonomy":"industries-application","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/industries-application?post=51581"},{"taxonomy":"post-badge","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post-badge?post=51581"},{"taxonomy":"resource-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource-type?post=51581"},{"taxonomy":"product-library","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product-library?post=51581"},{"taxonomy":"resource-technique","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource-technique?post=51581"},{"taxonomy":"hf_cat_post","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/hf_cat_post?post=51581"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=51581"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}