{"id":43539,"date":"2020-11-01T13:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-01T13:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/uncategorized\/high-quality-analysis-of-pesticides-in-cannabis-using-quechers-cartridge-spe-cleanup-and-gc-by-gc-tof-ms\/"},"modified":"2026-01-03T19:37:38","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T19:37:38","slug":"high-quality-analysis-of-pesticides-in-cannabis-using-quechers-cartridge-spe-cleanup-and-gc-by-gc-tof-ms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/articles\/ffar1950\/high-quality-analysis-of-pesticides-in-cannabis-using-quechers-cartridge-spe-cleanup-and-gc-by-gc-tof-ms","title":{"rendered":"High-Quality Analysis of Pesticides in Cannabis Using QuEChERS, Cartridge SPE Cleanup, and GCxGC-TOFMS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Quickly and effectively extract medical marijuana samples for pesticide analysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cartridge SPE cleanups of dirty extracts improve GC inlet and column lifetimes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selective GC columns increase accuracy of pesticide determinations for complex samples.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Over 20 states in the U.S. have legalized the use of recreational or medical cannabis because of therapeutic benefits for ailments such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, and ALS. Dosing methods include smoking or vaporizing and baked goods. Unlike other prescribed medicines regulated by U.S. FDA, marijuana is a Schedule 1 drug and is illegal on the federal level. As a result, medical cannabis patients have no safety assurances for their medication, which could contain harmful levels of pesticide residues. Currently, medical marijuana pesticide residue analysis methods are poorly defined and challenging to develop due to matrix complexity and a long list of potential target analytes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to address matrix complexity, we combined a simple QuEChERS extraction approach with cartridge SPE (cSPE) cleanup, followed by GCxGC-TOFMS. Acceptable recoveries were obtained for most pesticides, and incurred pesticide residues were detected in some of the illicit marijuana samples used for method development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">QuEChERS Extraction Saves Time and Reduces Hazardous Solvent Use<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Trace residue extraction procedures from dry materials like medical cannabis typically involve large amounts of solvent, long extraction times, and tedious concentration steps similar to the Soxhlet procedure or multiresidue methods from the Pesticide Analytical Manual. QuEChERS, with its simple 10 mL acetonitrile shake extraction and extract partitioning with salts and centrifugation, offers time savings, glassware use reduction, and lower solvent consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Water was added to finely ground, dry cannabis samples to increase QuEChERS extraction efficiency, especially for more polar pesticides. A vortex mixer was used to shake the solvent and sample for at least 30 minutes prior to extract partitioning. When finished, it was easy to transfer the supernatant from the QuEChERS extraction tube for subsequent cSPE cleanup prior to analysis with GC or LC (Figure 1).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article-top\"><div class=\"chromatogram-article-placeholder\"><div class=\"figure-heading\"><strong>Figure 1:<\/strong>\u00a0A quick and easy QuEChERS extraction, combined with cSPE, effectively prepared extracts for pesticide residue analysis from highly complex marijuana samples<\/div><div class='chromatogram-article-inner-full'><div class=\"chromatogram-article-inner\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01A.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>A.<\/strong>&nbsp;Post-centrifugation QuEChERS extracts<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01B-1024x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19858\" title=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01B-1024x535.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01B-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01B-768x401.jpg 768w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01B-1536x802.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01B.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>B.<\/strong>&nbsp;QuEChERS extracts loaded on SPE cartridge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01C-1024x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19864\" title=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01C-1024x535.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01C-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01C-768x401.jpg 768w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01C-1536x802.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-FFAR1950-01C.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>C.<\/strong>&nbsp;Final extract<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cartridge SPE Cleanup Improves GC Inlet Uptime<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Injecting chlorophyll-laden extracts into a GC gives reduced recoveries for less volatile pesticides, and results in degradation of sensitive pesticides like DDT and Dicofol (Table I). SPE cleanup with a 500 mg graphitized carbon black\/500 mg PSA cartridge removes chlorophyll and traps fatty acids that interfere with qualitative pesticide identification and bias quantification. cSPE has increased sorbent capacity over dispersive SPE for thorough cleanup of complex extracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Table I:<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;Pesticide recoveries for a QuEChERS extract of cannabis give higher results when cSPE is used for cleanup. Dicofol and DDT are degraded in the inlet for the dirtier extract, yielding high DDD results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Pesticide<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Classification<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>With cSPE<br>Cleanup (%<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Without cSPE<br>Cleanup (%)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4,4\u00b4-DDD<\/td><td>Organochlorine<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">83<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">230<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4,4\u00b4-DDT<\/td><td>Organochlorine<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">77<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bifenthrin<\/td><td>Pyrethroid<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">86<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">89<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dicofol<\/td><td>Organochlorine<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">84<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">ND<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Azinphos<\/td><td>methyl Organophosphorus<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">79<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">53<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>trans<\/em>-Permethrin<\/td><td>Organochlorine<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">68<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">17<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pyraclostrobin<\/td><td>Strobilurin<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">73<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">19<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fluvalinate<\/td><td>Pyrethroid<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">72<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">23<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Difenoconazole<\/td><td>Triazole<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">67<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">21<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deltamethrin<\/td><td>Pyrethroid<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">68<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Azoxystrobin<\/td><td>Strobilurin<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">72<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">27<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Orthogonal GC Columns Greatly Increase Separation Power for More Accurate Pesticide Results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>GCxGC is a powerful multidimensional approach that gives two independent separations in one instrumental analysis. An Rxi-5Sil MS and Rtx-200 column combination distributes pesticides broadly in both dimensions, providing a highly orthogonal GCxGC system. More important though is separating pesticides from potential isobaric matrix interferences, as seen in the surface plot for the insecticide cypermethrin (Figure 2). Cypermethrin gas chromatographs as four isomers, and all would have experienced qualitative interference and quantitative bias from peaks in the foreground of the surface plot had only 1-dimensional GC been used. With GCxGC-TOFMS, cypermethrin was unequivocally identified in a marijuana sample at a low ppm level (Figure 3).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article-top\"><div class=\"chromatogram-article-placeholder\"><div class=\"figure-heading\"><strong>Figure 2:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0GCxGC-TOFMS and orthogonal Rxi-5Sil MS and Rtx-200 columns allow incurred cypermethrins in a marijuana extract to be separated from interferences (m\/z 163 quantification ion).<\/div><div class='chromatogram-article-inner-full'><div class=\"chromatogram-article-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article\"><div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article\"><div class=\"chromatogram-image wide-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/images\/cgram\/gc_ff1204.png\" alt=\"Incurred Cypermethrins in a QuEChERS Extract of Marijuana by GCxGC on Rxi-5Sil MS and Rtx-200\" title=\"-\"><\/div><p class=\"article-id\" style=\"text-align:center\"> GC_FF1204<\/p><div class=\"chromatogram-peaks\"><h4>Peaks<\/h4><table class=\"peaks col-lg-6 col-12\">\n<thead><tr><th><\/th><th style=\"text-align: left;width: 75px\">Peaks<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">t<sub>R<\/sub> 1 (sec)<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">t<sub>R<\/sub> 2 (sec)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody><tr><td class=\"num\">1.<\/td><td class=\"cmpd\"><a class=\"cmpd_link\" title=\"View compound information for Cypermethrin 1\" href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/compound\/view\/en\/52315-07-8\/Cypermethrin 1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cypermethrin 1<\/a><\/td><td class=\"oth\">2,292<\/td><td class=\"oth\">1.50<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">2.<\/td><td class=\"cmpd\"><a class=\"cmpd_link\" title=\"View compound information for Cypermethrin 2\" href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/compound\/view\/en\/52315-07-8\/Cypermethrin 2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cypermethrin 2<\/a><\/td><td class=\"oth\">2,304<\/td><td class=\"oth\">1.54<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">3.<\/td><td class=\"cmpd\"><a class=\"cmpd_link\" title=\"View compound information for Cypermethrin 3\" href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/compound\/view\/en\/52315-07-8\/Cypermethrin 3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cypermethrin 3<\/a><\/td><td class=\"oth\">2,310<\/td><td class=\"oth\">1.53<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">4.<\/td><td class=\"cmpd\"><a class=\"cmpd_link\" title=\"View compound information for Cypermethrin 4\" href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/compound\/view\/en\/52315-07-8\/Cypermethrin 4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cypermethrin 4<\/a><\/td><td class=\"oth\">2,313<\/td><td class=\"oth\">1.58<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"chromatogram-conditions\"><h4>Conditions<\/h4><div class=\"conditions-container container-fluid\"><div class=\"row\"><table class=\"conditions col-lg-6 col-12\"><tr><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Column<\/th><td>Rxi-5Sil MS 30 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 \u00b5m (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/13623?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=GC_FF1204\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 13623<\/a>)<tr><td><\/td><td>Rtx-200 1.3 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 \u00b5m (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/15020?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=GC_FF1204\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 15020<\/a>)<tr><td><\/td><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Standard\/Sample<\/th><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Diluent:<\/th><td>Toluene<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Injection<\/th><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Inj. Vol.:<\/th><td>1 \u00b5L splitless (hold 1  min)<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Liner:<\/th><td>Premium 4 mm single taper w\/wool (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/23303?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=GC_FF1204\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 23303<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Inj. Temp.:<\/th><td>250 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Purge Flow:<\/th><td>40 mL\/min<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\" colspan=\"2\">Oven<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Oven Temp.:<\/th><td>Rxi-5Sil MS: 80 &#176;C (hold 1 min) to 310 &#176;C at 5 &#176;C\/min<br \/>Rtx-200: 85 &#176;C (hold 1 min) to 315 &#176;C at 5 &#176;C\/min<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Carrier Gas<\/th><td>He, corrected constant flow (2 mL\/min)<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Modulation<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Modulator Temp. Offset:<\/th><td>20 \u00b0C<tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Second Dimension Separation Time:<\/th><td>3 sec<tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Hot Pulse Time:<\/th><td>0.9 sec<tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Cool Time between Stages:<\/th><td>0.6 sec<\/table><table class=\"conditions col-lg-6 col-12\"><tr><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Detector<\/th><td>TOFMS<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Transfer Line Temp.:<\/th><td>290 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Analyzer Type:<\/th><td>TOF <\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Source Temp.:<\/th><td>225 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Electron Energy:<\/th><td>70 eV<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Mass Defect:<\/th><td>-20 mu\/100 u<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Solvent Delay Time:<\/th><td>5  min<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Tune Type:<\/th><td>PFTBA <\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Ionization Mode:<\/th><td>EI <\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Acquisition Range:<\/th><td>45-550 amu<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Spectral Acquisition Rate:<\/th><td>100 spectra\/sec<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Instrument<\/th><td>LECO Pegasus 4D GCxGC-TOFMS<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Notes<\/th><td>Rtx-200 (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/15020?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=GC_FF1204\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 15020<\/a>) is a 15 m column. A 1.3 m section was used here as the second dimension column.<\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chromatogram-pdf-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/images\/cgram\/gc_ff1204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 18\"><g data-name=\"Group 2996\"><path data-name=\"Rectangle 1246\" d=\"M0 0h18v18H0z\" style=\"fill: none;\"><\/path><\/g><g data-name=\"Group 2997\"><path data-name=\"Path 729\" d=\"M13.412 11.4v2.017H5.345V11.4H4v2.017a1.349 1.349 0 0 0 1.345 1.345h8.068a1.349 1.349 0 0 0 1.345-1.345V11.4zm-.672-2.694-.948-.948-1.741 1.735V4H8.706v5.493L6.965 7.758l-.948.948 3.361 3.361z\" transform=\"translate(-.437 -.414)\" style=\"fill: rgb(13, 123, 196);\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>Download PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article-top\"><div class=\"chromatogram-article-placeholder\"><div class=\"figure-heading\"><strong>Figure 3:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Positive mass spectral identification of incurred cypermethrin in illicit marijuana.<\/div><div class='chromatogram-article-inner-full'><div class=\"chromatogram-article-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article\"><div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article\"><div class=\"chromatogram-image regular-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/images\/cgram\/gc_ff1206.png\" alt=\"Sample and Reference Mass Spectra for Incurred Cypermethrin in a QuEChERS Extract of Marijuana by GCxGC on Rxi-5Sil MS and Rtx-200\" title=\"-\"><\/div><p class=\"article-id\" style=\"text-align:center\"> GC_FF1206<\/p><div class=\"chromatogram-peaks\"><h4>Peaks<\/h4><table class=\"peaks col-lg-6 col-12\">\n<thead><tr><th><\/th><th style=\"text-align: left;width: 75px\">Peaks<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">t<sub>R<\/sub> 1 (sec)<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">t<sub>R<\/sub> 2 (sec)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody><tr><td class=\"num\">1.<\/td><td class=\"cmpd\"><a class=\"cmpd_link\" title=\"View compound information for Cypermethrin 2\" href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/compound\/view\/en\/52315-07-8\/Cypermethrin 2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cypermethrin 2<\/a><\/td><td class=\"oth\">2,304<\/td><td class=\"oth\">1.54<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"chromatogram-conditions\"><h4>Conditions<\/h4><div class=\"conditions-container container-fluid\"><div class=\"row\"><table class=\"conditions col-lg-6 col-12\"><tr><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Column<\/th><td>Rxi-5Sil MS 30 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 \u00b5m (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/13623?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=GC_FF1206\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 13623<\/a>)<tr><td><\/td><td>Rtx-200 1.3 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 \u00b5m (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/15020?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=GC_FF1206\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 15020<\/a>)<tr><td><\/td><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Standard\/Sample<\/th><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Diluent:<\/th><td>Toluene<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Injection<\/th><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Inj. Vol.:<\/th><td>1 \u00b5L splitless (hold 1  min)<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Liner:<\/th><td>Premium 4 mm ID single taper w\/wool (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/23303?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=GC_FF1206\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 23303<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Inj. Temp.:<\/th><td>250 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Purge Flow:<\/th><td>40 mL\/min<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\" colspan=\"2\">Oven<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Oven Temp.:<\/th><td>Rxi-5Sil MS: 80 &#176;C (hold 1 min) to 310 &#176;C at 5 &#176;C\/min<br \/>Rtx-200: 85 &#176;C (hold 1 min) to 315 &#176;C at 5 &#176;C\/min<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Carrier Gas<\/th><td>He, corrected constant flow (2 mL\/min)<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Modulation<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Modulator Temp. Offset:<\/th><td>20 \u00b0C<tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Second Dimension Separation Time:<\/th><td>3 sec<tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Hot Pulse Time:<\/th><td>0.9 sec<tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Cool Time between Stages:<\/th><td>0.6 sec<\/table><table class=\"conditions col-lg-6 col-12\"><tr><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Detector<\/th><td>TOFMS<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Transfer Line Temp.:<\/th><td>290 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Analyzer Type:<\/th><td>TOF <\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Source Temp.:<\/th><td>225 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Electron Energy:<\/th><td>70 eV<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Mass Defect:<\/th><td>-20 mu\/100 u<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Solvent Delay Time:<\/th><td>5  min<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Tune Type:<\/th><td>PFTBA <\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Ionization Mode:<\/th><td>EI <\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Acquisition Range:<\/th><td>45-550 amu<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Spectral Acquisition Rate:<\/th><td>100 spectra\/sec<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Instrument<\/th><td>LECO Pegasus 4D GCxGC-TOFMS<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Notes<\/th><td>Rtx-200 (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/15020?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=GC_FF1206\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 15020<\/a>) is a 15 m column. A 1.3 m section was used as the second dimension column.<\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chromatogram-pdf-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/images\/cgram\/gc_ff1206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 18\"><g data-name=\"Group 2996\"><path data-name=\"Rectangle 1246\" d=\"M0 0h18v18H0z\" style=\"fill: none;\"><\/path><\/g><g data-name=\"Group 2997\"><path data-name=\"Path 729\" d=\"M13.412 11.4v2.017H5.345V11.4H4v2.017a1.349 1.349 0 0 0 1.345 1.345h8.068a1.349 1.349 0 0 0 1.345-1.345V11.4zm-.672-2.694-.948-.948-1.741 1.735V4H8.706v5.493L6.965 7.758l-.948.948 3.361 3.361z\" transform=\"translate(-.437 -.414)\" style=\"fill: rgb(13, 123, 196);\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>Download PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>QuEChERS and cSPE produced usable extracts from highly complex cannabis samples for high-quality pesticide residue analysis. The multidimensional separation power of GCxGC-TOFMS was then used to correctly identify and quantify pesticides in these complex extracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acknowledgment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Randy Hoffman, a Police Evidence Technician at The Pennsylvania State University (PSU), supplied the seized marijuana samples while overseeing their handling. Frank Dorman at PSU assisted with QuEChERS extractions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As medical marijuana is more frequently prescribed, patient safety must be ensured. Pesticide residue testing is an important part of assuring safe product is dispensed, but analysis can be extremely challenging due to matrix complexity. The use of QuEChERS, cartridge SPE cleanup, and GCxGC-TOFMS as presented here, produces high-quality quantitative data for this difficult analysis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"industries-application":[2281,2290,2292],"post-badge":[],"resource-type":[],"product-library":[2535,2517],"resource-technique":[2332,2351,2336,2369,2337],"ppma_author":[590,594,606,600,511],"class_list":["post-43539","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","industries-application-cannabis-it","industries-application-food-beverage-it","industries-application-sicurezza-alimentare-it","product-library-colonne-lc","product-library-prodotti-per-cromatografia-liquida","resource-technique-gascromatografia-gc","resource-technique-gcxgc-it","resource-technique-spettometria-di-massa-ms","resource-technique-quechers-it","resource-technique-estrazione-in-fase-solida-spe"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":7,"label":"Articles"}],"industries-application":[{"value":2281,"label":"Cannabis"},{"value":2290,"label":"Food &amp; 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