{"id":51681,"date":"2011-09-01T14:30:00","date_gmt":"2011-09-01T14:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/uncategorized\/faster-gc-how-to-decrease-analysis-time-using-existing-instrumentation-part-iv-using-hydrogen-as-the-carrier-gas\/"},"modified":"2026-01-20T15:22:17","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T15:22:17","slug":"faster-gc-how-to-decrease-analysis-time-using-existing-instrumentation-part-iv-using-hydrogen-as-the-carrier-gas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/blogs\/gnbl4663\/faster-gc-how-to-decrease-analysis-time-using-existing-instrumentation-part-iv-using-hydrogen-as-the-carrier-gas","title":{"rendered":"Fast(er) GC: How to Decrease Analysis Time using Existing Instrumentation? Part IV: Using Hydrogen as the Carrier Gas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In our previous blogs we discussed solutions to reduce analysis time in situations where we had excessive resolution. Use of shorter columns, higher flow and faster programming allowed serious faster GC using existing instrumentation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now we will move into a different situation and that is where we have \u201cjust enough resolution\u201d to do the separation. Example chromatogram is shown in Fg.1. Any reduction in resolution will immediately affect the separation of the components.  In this situation, we have only 2 options to choose from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1:  use hydrogen as the carrier gas;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2:  use a shorter column that produce a higher efficiency;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fig. 1 Example of a complex chromatogram. Any loss in efficiency will immediately result in a separation challenge<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most easy way to reduce analysis time is to change the carrier gas. By using hydrogen instead of helium, we can benefit from the higher optimal linear velocity, which is a factor 2 higher, see fig. 2.  At Restek, we test all our columns with hydrogen as the carrier gas, which saves us 50% on the investment in gas chromatographs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fig. 2 Van Deemter curve for different gases. Hydrogen is 2x faster then helium<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By changing to hydrogen we not only benefit form a faster analysis, we also benefit from a higher response. As the peaks elute 2x faster, the height will be 2 times higher.  For a similar signal\/noise, one can inject 50% of the sample, from which we can benefit in less contamination of liners and column inlet. Fig 3 shows an example.  The pressures for using hydrogen are the same as we use with helium. Due to the lower hydrogen-viscosity, we get approximate  the double linear velocity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fig. 3 Using hydrogen instead of helium does the same analysis in half the time and peaks are 2x higher..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For isothermal analysis the conversion is pretty straightforward. For temperature programmed analysis using hydrogen, we have to change the temperature program, to get the same elution temperatures, see fig.4. (this will give us also the factor 2 shorter run time and also makes sure that the peak elution order will not change). The change in temperature program is similar as we had to apply when we run the column at a higher gas velocity using the SAME carrier gas.(see:\u00a0Part II: Impact of Higher Column Flow<\/a>\u00a0). Only now, using hydrogen, we maintain the efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fig.4 To get the same elution temperatures using hydrogen, we have to \u201ccalculate\u201d the new oven program rate and the new Iso-times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the biggest concerns is, that hydrogen is combustible.  Indeed, it is combustable over a concentration range of 4% to 74% by volume, but we have to put this in perspective. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. The risk<\/strong> for building up these levels is reduced because of the enormous fast diffusion (dilution).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Many labs already have a hydrogen gas line<\/strong> in place, used for fueling the FID. One can also use  Hydrogen generators. These produce a relative small amount of hydrogen;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. The GC\u2019s have nowadays digital flow controls. <\/strong>If one set a flow controlled carrier gas supply, it is impossible to have a large amount of hydrogen released in the oven. As soon as the column breaks, the pressure will be gone(its \u201cflow\u201d controlled), and the max. amount of hydrogen entering the oven is the injector volume and the actual  hydrogen flow. It will be very difficult to even reach the 4% level;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. One can also buy hydrogen detection system<\/strong>s that you can install in the GCs. These systems use sensors that measure the air taken from the oven on hydrogen presence. If hydrogen is detected, the oven can be shut off and often an alternate gas can be turned on to protect the column.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. To reduce the risk to a minimum one can also use metal columns<\/strong>, like the MXT series You will be surprised how inert a metal column is. Example shown in figure 5 shows a 0.1 micron of a Rtx-5-coated MXT column. Test compounds are highly polar, as well as acidic and basic. All components elute with impressive peak symmetry.   Restek developed and commercialized this series with a range of stationary phases.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Fig. 5 Tough Polarity test mixture run on metal MXT column with only a 0.1 micron film.. Shows the unique quality of the Siltek deactivation  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hydrogen can be used with all injection systems. For safety reasons, the split vent is usually vented.  In the early days when we used hydrogen. we always made a little  \u201ctorch\u201d on top of our GC\u2019s and we just \u201clit\u201d the hydrogen. As this is considered  \u201copen fire\u201d it is not allowed in today\u2019s labs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The effects of using Hydrogen on detection systems is another concern. For most detection systems like FID, ECD, TCD, FPD, PFPD, SClD,\u00a0 I am not aware of issues. Of course, with FID \u00a0and high column flows, one has to adjust the hydrogen feed of the detector. \u00a0However for \u00a0MS \u00a0the use of hydrogen is not very clear, see also:\u00a0Can I use Hydrogen as carrier gas when using Mass Spectrometric Detection?<\/a>.\u00a0 Detectors like the NPD (the beads) do not seem to like hydrogen. \u00a0Also PDD(HID) and ion traps need helium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    If you have any experiences using hydrogen, positive or negative, please let us know!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    In our previous blogs we discussed solutions to reduce analysis time in situations where we had excessive resolution. Use of shorter columns, higher flow and faster programming allowed serious faster GC using existing instrumentation   Now we will move into…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"industries-application":[],"post-badge":[],"resource-type":[562],"product-library":[],"resource-technique":[2332],"ppma_author":[439],"class_list":["post-51681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","resource-type-chromatography-fundamentals","resource-technique-gascromatografia-gc"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":9,"label":"Blogs"}],"resource-type":[{"value":562,"label":"Chromatography Fundamentals"}],"resource-technique":[{"value":2332,"label":"Gascromatografia (GC)"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"Jaap de Zeeuw","author_link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/author\/jaap-de-zeeuw\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":9,"name":"Blogs","slug":"blogs","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":9,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":437,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":9,"category_count":437,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Blogs","category_nicename":"blogs","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"authors":[{"term_id":439,"user_id":19,"is_guest":0,"slug":"jaap-de-zeeuw","display_name":"Jaap de Zeeuw","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/people-de-zeeuw-jaap.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/people-de-zeeuw-jaap.jpg"},"author_category":"1","first_name":"Jaap","last_name":"de Zeeuw","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Jaap is a world-renowned chromatographer with over 40 years of experience, including 15 years with Restek and 27 years with Varian\/Chrompack prior to joining Restek. Throughout his career, Jaap has focused the chromatographic challenges of industrial analysis. For his 1979 graduation from The Institute for Higher Education, where he specialized in chemistry, Jaap authored a paper titled \"The Challenge of Coating Flexible Fused Silica Capillary Columns\" and has since distinguished himself as an authority on the subject. Jaap has been directly involved with the creation of numerous chemically bonded columns, including the first bonded PEG column and the stabilized PLOT columns widely used in the petrochemical arena. He has also helped develop new techniques, such as fast GC-MS using vacuum GC technology (low-pressure GC or LPGC). Over his innovative career, he has filed several patents for his work. Based out of the Netherlands, Jaap is extensively published and regularly travels internationally to share his knowledge. After retiring from Restek, Jaap founded CreaVisions, where he works as a GC Consultant and teaches master classes on key GC topics as well as on creativity in science."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51681"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51681\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":83449,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51681\/revisions\/83449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51681"},{"taxonomy":"industries-application","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/industries-application?post=51681"},{"taxonomy":"post-badge","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post-badge?post=51681"},{"taxonomy":"resource-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource-type?post=51681"},{"taxonomy":"product-library","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product-library?post=51681"},{"taxonomy":"resource-technique","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource-technique?post=51681"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=51681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}