{"id":43507,"date":"2025-03-19T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-19T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/uncategorized\/a-systematic-review-of-methods-for-the-analysis-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas\/"},"modified":"2026-04-03T15:45:45","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T15:45:45","slug":"a-systematic-review-of-methods-for-the-analysis-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/articles-fr\/evot4455\/a-systematic-review-of-methods-for-the-analysis-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","title":{"rendered":"A Systematic Review of Methods for The Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Author(s):<\/strong> Grace Idowu<sup>1,2<\/sup>, Okon Dominic Ekpe<sup>1,3<\/sup>, David Megson<sup>1,4<\/sup>, Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije<sup>1,5<\/sup>, Courtney D. Sandau<sup>1,6<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Chemistry Matters, Calgary, Canada, 2. Restek Corporation, 3. Centre for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA, 4. Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK, 5. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana, 6. Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Published By:<\/strong> Science of The Total Environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Volume:<\/strong> 967<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Year of Publication:<\/strong> 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Link:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178644<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> This manuscript systematically reviews 156 peer-reviewed articles on methods for estimating total per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Direct and indirect methods of estimating total PFAS include targeted analysis, total fluorine (TF), total organic fluorine (TOF), extractable organic fluorine (EOF), absorbable organic fluorine (AOF), and total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) was the most utilized method (&gt;50%), followed by particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE, 9%) and high-resolution-continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS, 6%). Techniques like instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were less common. A geographic bias was evident, with 69% of studies from the US (33%), Sweden (12%), China (12%), and Germany (11%). Most research targeted environmental samples (water, soil, sediments), while significant data gaps were noted in South America, Africa, and atmospheric PFAS. Challenges in inter-laboratory comparisons arise from inconsistent reporting units (e.g., mg\/L, \u03bcg\/m3, %, etc.). About 75% of studies involved pre-treatment (e.g., solvent extraction, sorbents), while 25% did not. PFAS detection limit and observed concentrations varied widely, from low concentrations in water (ng\/L) to higher levels in soil, biota, and products (mg\/L). Limitations of total PFAS methods include contradictory results when complementary techniques are applied to the same sample, potentially leading to over- or under-estimation. Across studies, a substantial fraction of TF remains unaccounted for, highlighting the need for non-targeted screening (NTS) to identify unknown PFAS (UPFAS or UOPFAS). Bridging these gaps is critical for advancing PFAS research and environmental risk assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn about methods for estimating total PFAS in this manuscript that systematically reviews 156 peer-reviewed articles on the topic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[462],"tags":[2782],"industries-application":[2253,2257],"post-badge":[],"resource-type":[568],"product-library":[2516,2528,2535,2517,2519],"resource-technique":[],"ppma_author":[448,727,669,731,666],"class_list":["post-43507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles-fr","tag-pfas","industries-application-ambientale","industries-application-analisi-dei-pfas","resource-type-third-party-peer-reviewed-publications","product-library-prodotti-per-gascromatografia","product-library-colonne-gc","product-library-colonne-lc","product-library-prodotti-per-cromatografia-liquida","product-library-prodotti-per-la-preparazione-del-campione"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":462,"label":"Articles"}],"post_tag":[{"value":2782,"label":"PFAS"}],"industries-application":[{"value":2253,"label":"Ambientale"},{"value":2257,"label":"Analisi dei PFAS"}],"resource-type":[{"value":568,"label":"Third-Party &amp; Peer Reviewed Publications"}],"product-library":[{"value":2516,"label":"Prodotti per Gascromatografia"},{"value":2528,"label":"Colonne GC"},{"value":2535,"label":"Colonne LC"},{"value":2517,"label":"Prodotti per Cromatografia Liquida"},{"value":2519,"label":"Prodotti per la Preparazione del Campione"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"Grace Idowu, PhD","author_link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/author\/grace-idowu\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":462,"name":"Articles","slug":"articles-fr","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":462,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":455,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":462,"category_count":455,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Articles","category_nicename":"articles-fr","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":2782,"name":"PFAS","slug":"pfas","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2782,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":113,"filter":"raw"}],"authors":[{"term_id":448,"user_id":28,"is_guest":0,"slug":"grace-idowu","display_name":"Grace Idowu, PhD","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/people-idowu-grace.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/people-idowu-grace.jpg"},"author_category":"1","first_name":"Grace","last_name":"Idowu, PhD","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Dr. Grace Idowu was formerly with Restek as a principal scientist in the GC applications laboratory. She received her PhD in chemistry from the University of Manitoba, Canada; her master\u2019s degree in environmental and petroleum geochemistry from Newcastle University, UK; and her bachelor of technology degree in pure and applied chemistry from Ladoke Akintola University, Nigeria. Grace's doctoral and post-doctoral research focused on the development and validation of GC methods for polycyclic aromatic compounds in environmental matrices. She has extensive experience developing analytical methods for GC-MS, GC-MS\/MS, and GCxGC-MS, and her current research focuses primarily on persistent organic pollutants in environmental matrices."},{"term_id":727,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"okon-dominic-ekpe","display_name":"Okon Dominic Ekpe","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"1","first_name":"Okon Dominic","last_name":"Ekpe","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Chemistry Matters Inc., Calgary, Canada.\u00a0Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.\u00a0Centre for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"},{"term_id":669,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"david-megson","display_name":"David Megson","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"1","first_name":"David","last_name":"Megson","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Chemistry Matters Inc., Calgary, Canada. Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"},{"term_id":731,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"pennante-bruce-vanderpuije","display_name":"Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"1","first_name":"Pennante","last_name":"Bruce-Vanderpuije","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Chemistry Matters Inc., Calgary, Canada. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana"},{"term_id":666,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"courtney-d-sandau","display_name":"Courtney D. Sandau","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"1","first_name":"Courtney D.","last_name":"Sandau","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Chemistry Matters Inc., Calgary, Canada. Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43507","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43507"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43507\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60530,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43507\/revisions\/60530"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43507"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43507"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43507"},{"taxonomy":"industries-application","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/industries-application?post=43507"},{"taxonomy":"post-badge","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post-badge?post=43507"},{"taxonomy":"resource-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource-type?post=43507"},{"taxonomy":"product-library","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product-library?post=43507"},{"taxonomy":"resource-technique","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource-technique?post=43507"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=43507"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}