{"id":43636,"date":"2020-10-28T14:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-28T14:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/uncategorized\/the-effects-of-lc-particle-choice-on-column-performance-27-vs-5-micrometer-diameter-superficially-porous-particles-spp\/"},"modified":"2026-01-28T16:01:15","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T16:01:15","slug":"the-effects-of-lc-particle-choice-on-column-performance-27-vs-5-micrometer-diameter-superficially-porous-particles-spp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/articles-fr\/gnar2079\/the-effects-of-lc-particle-choice-on-column-performance-27-vs-5-micrometer-diameter-superficially-porous-particles-spp","title":{"rendered":"The Effects of LC Particle Choice on Column Performance: 2.7 vs. 5 \u00b5m Diameter Superficially Porous Particles (SPP)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Superficially porous particles (commonly referred to as SPP or \u201ccore-shell\u201d particles) have been proven to provide fast and efficient LC separations. These particles feature a solid, impermeable core enveloped by a thin, porous layer of silica that offers significantly higher efficiency and sensitivity than traditional fully porous particles. Restek&#8217;s Raptor SPP LC columns are available in both 2.7 and 5 \u00b5m diameter particle sizes, giving analysts the flexibility to select the most appropriate size for their specific assay. However, the best LC particle choice may not always be clear. In this technical note, we will examine the differences in efficiency, sensitivity, and pressure between Raptor LC columns packed with 2.7 vs. 5 \u00b5m diameter particles and provide advice on making the appropriate particle choice based on the intended experimental conditions and instrument capability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Efficiency<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The relationship between column efficiency and linear velocity, or flow rate, can be illustrated using a van Deemter plot. Column efficiency is represented by plate height (H); the smaller the plate height at a given flow rate, the more efficient the column. The end result is sharper peaks and increased resolution. As shown in Figure 1, Raptor 2.7 \u00b5m columns display on average 25% more efficiency than Raptor 5 \u00b5m SPP columns across the flow rates tested. In addition, minimal loss in efficiency was observed at higher flow rates on the Raptor 2.7 \u00b5m column. For a 4.6 mm ID column, flow rates from 1.0 to 1.6 mL\/min yielded the highest efficiency for our 2.7 \u00b5m diameter particle column; while flow rates ranging from 0.4 to 1.0 mL\/min yielded the highest efficiency for our 5 \u00b5m diameter particle column.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article-top\"><div class=\"chromatogram-article-placeholder\"><div class=\"figure-heading\"><strong>Figure 1:<\/strong>\u00a0Raptor 2.7 \u00b5m SPP columns maintain efficiency, even at elevated flow rates.<\/div><div class='chromatogram-article-inner-full'><div class=\"chromatogram-article-inner\">\n<style>.kb-image43636_a71b37-fc .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image43636_a71b37-fc\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"619\" src=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-01-1024x619.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-20632\" title=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-01-1024x619.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-01-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-01-768x464.jpg 768w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-01-1536x928.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-01.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Column:<\/strong>&nbsp;Dimensions: 150 mm x 4.6 mm ID; Temp.: 30 \u00b0C;<br><strong>Mobile Phase:<\/strong>&nbsp;Water:Acetonitrile (45:55);&nbsp;<strong>Detection:<\/strong>&nbsp;254 nm;<br><strong>Test Probes:<\/strong>&nbsp;Uracil and Biphenyl.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sensitivity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sensitivity can be measured by comparing signal-to-noise ratios (S\/N) for a particular peak. Signal response can be increased by reducing peak width, thereby making peaks sharper and increasing sensitivity. Since superficially porous particles are less porous due to their solid, impermeable core, they offer a more direct diffusion path over fully porous particles, which results in reduced peak dispersion and narrower peaks. To demonstrate the impact of LC particle choice on S\/N, a common pharmaceutical and its metabolite were analyzed on separate Raptor Biphenyl columns packed with 2.7 vs. 5 \u00b5m particles. The resulting chromatograms, peak widths, and S\/N are compared in Figure 2. The Raptor 2.7 \u00b5m diameter particle column displays an average increase in S\/N of 32% accompanied by a 25% decrease in average peak width when compared to the Raptor 5 \u00b5m diameter particle column.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article-top\"><div class=\"chromatogram-article-placeholder\"><div class=\"figure-heading\"><strong>Figure 2:<\/strong>\u00a0Our 2.7 \u00b5m particles offer an average 32% increase in signal-to-noise ratio (i.e., greater sensitivity) over 5 \u00b5m.<\/div><div class='chromatogram-article-inner-full'><div class=\"chromatogram-article-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article\"><div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article\"><div class=\"chromatogram-image regular-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/images\/cgram\/lc_cf0597.png\" alt=\"Comparison of Naltrexone and 6-\u03b2-Naltrexol in Urine on Raptor Biphenyl 2.7 \u00b5m and 5 \u03bcm Columns by LC-MS\/MS\" title=\"-\"><\/div><p class=\"article-id\" style=\"text-align:center\"> LC_CF0597<\/p><div class=\"chromatogram-peaks\"><h4>Peaks<\/h4><table class=\"peaks col-lg-6 col-12\">\n<thead><tr><th><\/th><th style=\"text-align: left;width: 75px\">Peaks<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">t<sub>R<\/sub> 2.7 \u03bcm (min)<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">t<sub>R<\/sub> 5 \u03bcm (min)<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">Precursor Ion<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">Product Ion 1<\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;width: 75px\">Product Ion 2<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody><tr><td class=\"num\">1.<\/td><td class=\"cmpd\"><a class=\"cmpd_link\" title=\"View compound information for Naltrexone\" href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/compound\/view\/en\/16590-41-3\/Naltrexone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Naltrexone<\/a><\/td><td class=\"oth\">0.98<\/td><td class=\"oth\">0.90<\/td><td class=\"oth\">342.4<\/td><td class=\"oth\">270.1<\/td><td class=\"oth\">267.1<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"num\">2.<\/td><td class=\"cmpd\"><a class=\"cmpd_link\" title=\"View compound information for 6-\u03b2-Naltrexol\" href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/compound\/view\/en\/49625-89-0\/6-\u03b2-Naltrexol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6-\u03b2-Naltrexol<\/a><\/td><td class=\"oth\">1.06<\/td><td class=\"oth\">0.98<\/td><td class=\"oth\">344.4<\/td><td class=\"oth\">308.0<\/td><td class=\"oth\">254.1<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"chromatogram-conditions\"><h4>Conditions<\/h4><div class=\"conditions-container container-fluid\"><div class=\"row\"><table class=\"conditions col-lg-6 col-12\"><tr><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Column<\/th><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Temp.:<\/th><td>30 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Standard\/Sample<\/th><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Conc.:<\/th><td>  Prepared 500 ng\/mL in human urine. Diluted 5x in mobile phase A.  Final conc. = 100 ng\/mL<\/td><\/tr><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Inj. Vol.:<\/th><td>10 \u00b5L <\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Mobile Phase<\/th><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">A:<\/th><td>Water + 0.1% formic acid + 2 mM ammonium formate <\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">B:<\/th><td>Water:methanol (5:95) + 0.1% formic acid + 2 mM ammonium formate <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><table class=\"cgram_ramp\"><thead><tr><th>Time (min)<\/th><th>Flow (mL\/min)<\/th><th>%A<\/th><th>%B<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>0.00<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>70<\/td><td>30<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.50<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>100<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.51<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>70<\/td><td>30<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.00<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>70<\/td><td>30<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/td><\/tr><\/table><table class=\"conditions col-lg-6 col-12\"><tr><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Detector<\/th><td>MS\/MS<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"sub conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Ion Mode:<\/th><td>ESI+ <\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Instrument<\/th><td>HPLC<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"cgram_header_row\"><th class=\"conditions_header\" scope=\"row\">Notes<\/th><td>Top: Raptor Biphenyl 50 mm x 2.1 mm, 2.7 \u03bcm (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/9309A52?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=LC_CF0597\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 9309A52<\/a>)<br \/>Bottom: Raptor Biphenyl 50 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 \u03bcm (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/p\/9309552?utm_source=chromatograms&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_campaign=LC_CF0597\" rel=\"noopener\">cat.# 9309552<\/a>)<br \/><br \/>The S\/N and W<sub>0.5<\/sub> calculations were made using Product Ion 1 (black trace).<\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chromatogram-pdf-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ez.restek.com\/images\/cgram\/lc_cf0597.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 18\"><g data-name=\"Group 2996\"><path data-name=\"Rectangle 1246\" d=\"M0 0h18v18H0z\" style=\"fill: none;\"><\/path><\/g><g data-name=\"Group 2997\"><path data-name=\"Path 729\" d=\"M13.412 11.4v2.017H5.345V11.4H4v2.017a1.349 1.349 0 0 0 1.345 1.345h8.068a1.349 1.349 0 0 0 1.345-1.345V11.4zm-.672-2.694-.948-.948-1.741 1.735V4H8.706v5.493L6.965 7.758l-.948.948 3.361 3.361z\" transform=\"translate(-.437 -.414)\" style=\"fill: rgb(13, 123, 196);\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>Download PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pressure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the primary advantages of SPP is its ability to provide increased column efficiency, often with similar or even reduced backpressure, when compared to fully porous particles. By decreasing the size of superficially porous particles, efficiency improves and pressure increases at a rate inversely proportional to the square of the particle size. In Figure 3, column backpressure is shown to increase by approximately 150% on average across the instrument flow rates tested (0.4 to 2 mL\/min) when switching from a 5 \u00b5m diameter Raptor particle to a 2.7 \u00b5m diameter particle. Additional parameters that contribute to operating pressure include column dimensions, mobile phase composition, and sources of flow restriction on the LC and detection systems.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-custom-chromatogram-article-top\"><div class=\"chromatogram-article-placeholder\"><div class=\"figure-heading\"><strong>Figure 3:<\/strong>\u00a0Switching from a 5 \u00b5m to 2.7 \u00b5m Raptor particle increases backpressure approximately 150%.<\/div><div class='chromatogram-article-inner-full'><div class=\"chromatogram-article-inner\">\n<style>.kb-image43636_e26004-19 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image43636_e26004-19\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"619\" src=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-03-1024x619.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-20638\" title=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-03-1024x619.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-03-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-03-768x464.jpg 768w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-03-1536x928.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-article-GNAR2079-03.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Column:<\/strong>&nbsp;Dimensions: 150 mm x 4.6 mm ID; Temp.: 30 \u00b0C;<br><strong>Mobile Phase:<\/strong>&nbsp;Water:Acetonitrile (45:55).<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to consider instrumentation and assay objectives when choosing between Raptor 2.7 vs. 5 \u00b5m diameter particle SPP LC columns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Raptor 5 \u00b5m columns:<\/strong><br>Raptor 5 \u00b5m diameter particle columns display low backpressure as well as good efficiency and sensitivity. These columns can be substituted into existing methods to increase analysis speed on traditional LC systems, especially those with pressure limitations. Raptor 5 \u00b5m SPP is an ideal LC particle choice for fast assays containing fewer analytes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Large amount of system volume.<br>\u2022 Maximum operating pressure of 400 bar.<br>\u2022 Fewer compounds requiring less peak capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Raptor 2.7 \u00b5m columns:<\/strong><br>Raptor 2.7 \u00b5m diameter particle columns exhibit greater efficiency and sensitivity than 5 \u00b5m SPP at the cost of higher pressures. Since extra-column effects are most pronounced on short, small-diameter columns packed with small particles, 2.7 \u00b5m columns are best suited for instrumentation with reduced system volume that can sustain pressures up to 600 bar. Raptor 2.7 \u00b5m SPP is the right LC particle choice for larger analyte lists that require additional peak capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Minimal system volume.<br>\u2022 Maximum operating pressure 600 bar.<br>\u2022 Large number of compounds requiring more peak capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Restek&#8217;s Raptor LC columns feature superficially porous particles (commonly referred to as SPP or \u201ccore-shell\u201d particles) and are available in both 2.7 and 5 \u00b5m particle sizes, giving analysts greater flexibility. However, it may not always be clear which particle size to choose. In this technical note, we will examine the differences in efficiency, sensitivity, and pressure between Raptor LC columns packed with 2.7 vs. 5 \u00b5m particles and provide advice on making the appropriate LC particle choice<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":70640,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[462],"tags":[],"industries-application":[],"post-badge":[],"resource-type":[],"product-library":[2463,2445],"resource-technique":[2318,2320,2362],"ppma_author":[606,760,608],"class_list":["post-43636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-fr","product-library-colonnes-lc","product-library-produits-pour-la-chromatographie-en-phase-liquide","resource-technique-chromatographie-en-phase-liquide","resource-technique-spectrometrie-de-masse-ms","resource-technique-ms-ms-fr"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":462,"label":"Articles"}],"product-library":[{"value":2463,"label":"Colonnes 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