{"id":43863,"date":"2020-10-27T14:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-27T14:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/uncategorized\/analysis-of-biodiesel-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-fame-in-aviation-jet-fuels-using-method-ip-585\/"},"modified":"2025-12-10T19:36:59","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T19:36:59","slug":"analysis-of-biodiesel-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-fame-in-aviation-jet-fuels-using-method-ip-585","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/discover.restek.com\/zh-hans\/notes-dapplication\/pcan2559\/analysis-of-biodiesel-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-fame-in-aviation-jet-fuels-using-method-ip-585","title":{"rendered":"Analysis of Biodiesel Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in Aviation Jet Fuels Using Method IP 585"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Accurate analysis of biodiesel FAME in jet fuel is critical for ensuring that contamination levels do not exceed allowable limits. Method IP 585 is commonly used for this analysis and, here, we perform the method using a Stabilwax column and GC-MS in SIM mode. Method calibration curve criteria were met and good recoveries of the total FAME content in jet fuel were obtained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Biodiesel fuel is the most popular type of alternative diesel fuel available today, and it makes up a significant portion of the materials that are routinely transported through multiproduct pipelines. Despite its suitability as an alternative fuel, residual biodiesel remaining in shared pipelines can be a problematic contaminant in other products, such as aviation jet fuel. Biodiesel differs fundamentally from mineral-based diesel in that it is made through the chemical conversion of vegetable oils or animal fats into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as shown in Reaction 1. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms. Fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms, such as methyl heptadecanoate (C17:0), which is included in Method IP 585, are extremely rare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"decorative\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Due to differences in chemical structure, biodiesel fuel has different properties than jet fuel; it has a high freezing point (-5 \u00b0C) and poor oxidative stability, characteristics that make it unsafe in jet fuel. At low temperatures, biodiesel forms wax crystals that can clog fuel lines and fuel filters. In addition, because it is hygroscopic, biodiesel fuel requires special handling to prevent high water content and the consequent risk of corrosion and microbial growth. To minimize the potential impact of biodiesel FAME in jet fuel, a contamination limit has been established. The current allowable cross-contamination level of biodiesel FAME in jet fuel A-1 is 50 ppm, an increase from the previous limit of 5.0 ppm (note that 5.0 ppm is still the specification for military grade jet fuels).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measuring contamination of biodiesel FAME in jet fuel can be a challenging task due to the chemical complexity of the matrix. A GC-MS method for analysis of biodiesel FAME in jet fuel was developed by the Energy Institute (IP 585: Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), derived from bio-diesel fuel in aviation turbine fuel\u2014GC-MS with selective ion monitoring\/scan detection method<\/em>) [1]. Due to the high concentration of heavy hydrocarbons in jet fuel, it is not always possible to obtain a complete separation of FAME components from matrix hydrocarbons, and method IP 585 does not require it. The method takes advantage of a polar, wax-type GC column\u2014such as a Stabilwax column\u2014which is much more retentive for the polar FAME compounds than for the less polar fuel hydrocarbon compounds. The polar column maximizes the separation that can be achieved, and it is paired with an MS detector in single ion monitoring (SIM) mode for compound identification. Definitive identifications can be obtained because the chemical structures of FAME, and hence their electron ionization mass spectra, are quite different from the mass spectra of both fuel hydrocarbons and bleed ions from the wax column. By using a polar Stabilwax column and GC-MS in single ion monitoring (SIM) mode, FAME contaminants can be accurately distinguished and quantified relative to the predominant hydrocarbon component of jet fuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experimental<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Calibration Standards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Calibration standards were prepared according to Method IP 585 (Section 7). Using individual neat FAME standards (Restek), a bulk calibration solution containing 1,000 mg\/kg of each FAME was prepared in n-dodecane. The bulk calibration solution was then diluted into a 100 mg\/mL working standard solution. The internal standard (methyl heptadecanoate-d33 [C17:0-d33]) was commercially purchased and prepared at 1,000 mg\/mL in n<\/em>-dodecane. These two solutions were used to prepare the calibration standards in n<\/em>-dodecane with nominal concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg\/kg of each FAME (with 10 mg of internal standard methyl heptadecanoate-d33) for the IP 585 low-level calibration curve, as well as 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg\/kg of each FAME with IS for the IP 585 high-level calibration curve (Table I).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table I:<\/strong> Volumetric Dilutions for 0-100 mg\/kg Calibration Standards from the Working Calibration Standard Solution (WSS) and Internal Standard Solution (ISS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nominal Standard
Concentration (mg\/kg)<\/strong><\/th>		Volume WSS
(\u00b5L)<\/strong><\/th>		Volume Dodecane
(\u00b5L)<\/strong><\/th>		Volume ISS
(\u00b5L)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
100<\/td>1,000<\/td>0<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
80<\/td>800<\/td>200<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
60<\/td>600<\/td>400<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
40<\/td>400<\/td>600<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
20<\/td>200<\/td>800<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
10<\/td>100<\/td>900<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
8<\/td>80<\/td>920<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
6<\/td>60<\/td>940<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>40<\/td>960<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
2<\/td>20<\/td>980<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr>
0<\/td>0<\/td>1,000<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Jet Fuel Analysis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

To confirm method parameters and performance, jet fuel from a local airport was obtained. An initial analysis was made to determine whether the sample contained FAME impurities. The sample was then fortified at 36, 60, and 120 mg\/kg with FAME standard and analyzed according to the method parameters. Additionally, jet fuel and isooctane were fortified with 85 mg\/kg soy biodiesel B100 to more accurately mimic sample contamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GC-MS Analysis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The standards and samples were analyzed according to Method IP 585 parameters on an Agilent GC-MS 5977A equipped with a capillary split\/splitless injector. The MS was used in both SIM and scan modes to identify and quantify FAME impurities in the jet fuel matrix. A Restek Stabilwax column (60 m x 0.25 mm x 0.5 \u03bcm, cat.# 10641<\/a>) was selected for this analysis as it is highly polar and has been shown to perform well for Method IP 585. Instrument parameters are presented in Table II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table II:<\/strong> GC\/MS Instrument Conditions<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GC Conditions<\/strong><\/th> <\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Inlet Temperature<\/td>260 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>
Inlet Mode<\/td>Splitless<\/td><\/tr>
Inlet Liner<\/td>Restek Premium 4.0 mm ID single taper inlet liner w\/wool (cat.# 23303.5)<\/td><\/tr>
Sample Volume<\/td>1 \u00b5l splitless for 1 min, then purge flow 100 mL\/min<\/td><\/tr>
Column<\/td>Stabilwax 60 m x 0.25 mm x 0.5 \u03bcm (cat.# 10641)<\/td><\/tr>
Column Flow<\/td>Helium, 0.8 mL\/min constant flow<\/td><\/tr>
Oven Program<\/td>150 \u00b0C (hold 5 min), 12 \u00b0C\/min to 200 \u00b0C (hold 17 min), 3 \u00b0C\/min to 252 \u00b0C (hold 3 min)<\/td><\/tr>
Mass Spec Interface<\/td>260 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>
Mass Spec Conditions<\/strong><\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
Source Temperature<\/td>300 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>
Quadrupole Temperature<\/td>180 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>
Data Acquisition Delay<\/td>20 min<\/td><\/tr>
Scan Range<\/td>33 to 320 amu<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Prior to sample analysis, the SIM group start times (Table III) were established by analyzing the lowest concentration calibration standard (2 mg\/kg). A solvent blank was also analyzed to demonstrate that no interfering compounds were present. A chromatographic overlay of the blank and 2 mg\/mL standard is presented in Figure 1 for easy comparison to the example shown in Annex A of Method IP 585.<\/p>\n\n\n

Figure 1:<\/strong>\u00a0Chromatogram Overlay of 0 (Blank) and 2 mg\/kg Standard in Scan Mode<\/div>
\n
\"Overlay<\/div>

GC_PC1314<\/p>

Peaks<\/h4>\n
<\/th>Peaks<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n
1.<\/td>Methyl hexadecanoate (C16:0,methyl palmitate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>Methyl heptadecanoate-d33 (IS, methyl margarate-d33)<\/td><\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>Methyl heptadecanoate (C17:0, methyl margarate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>Methyl octadecanoate (C18:0, methyl stearate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>Methyl octadecenoate (C18:1, methyl oleate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>Methyl octadecadienoate (C18:2, methyl linoleate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>Methyl octadecatrienoate (C18:3, methyl linolenate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div>
<\/path><\/g><\/path><\/g><\/svg>Download PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Table III:<\/strong> SIM Group Targeted Compounds and Start Times<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Target FAME Compounds<\/strong><\/th>Symbol<\/strong><\/th>SIM Ions for
Quantification<\/strong><\/th>		SIM Group
Start Time<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Methyl hexadecanoate (methyl palmitate)<\/td>C16:0<\/td>227, 239, 270, 271<\/td>20 min<\/td><\/tr>
Methyl heptadecanoate-d33 (methyl margarate-d33)<\/td>C17:0-d33 (IS)<\/td>317<\/td>28 min<\/td><\/tr>
Methyl heptadecanoate (methyl margarate)<\/td>C17:0<\/td>241, 253, 284<\/td>29 min<\/td><\/tr>
Methyl octadecanoate (methyl stearate)<\/td>C18:0<\/td>255, 267, 298<\/td>35 min<\/td><\/tr>
Methyl octadecenoate (methyl oleate)<\/td>C18:1<\/td>264, 265, 296,<\/td>36.6 min<\/td><\/tr>
Methyl octadecadienoate (linoleate)<\/td>C18:2<\/td>262, 263, 264, 294, 295<\/td>38.5 min<\/td><\/tr>
Methyl octadecatrienoate (linolenate)<\/td>C18:3<\/td>236, 263, 292, 293<\/td>40.5 min <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Results and Discussion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Linearity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Calibration standards were analyzed and the resulting calibration curves for each FAME were forced through zero according to Method IP 585. Each curve exceeds the method linearity requirement of R>0.985 (R2<\/sup>>0.970), as shown in Figure 2 and Table IV.<\/p>\n\n\n

Figure 2:<\/strong>\u00a0High-Level Calibration Curves (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg\/kg of each FAME in\u00a0n<\/em>-Dodecane; Zero Intercept as per Method IP 585.)<\/div>
\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Table IV:<\/strong> R and R2<\/sup> Values for Low-Level Calibration Curves (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg\/kg of each FAME in n<\/em>-Dodecane)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compound<\/strong><\/td>Low Level<\/strong><\/td>High Level<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
R2<\/sup><\/td>R<\/td>R2<\/sup><\/td>R<\/td><\/tr>
C16:0<\/td>0.9982<\/td>0.9991<\/td>0.9990<\/td>0.9995<\/td><\/tr>
C17:0<\/td>0.9978<\/td>0.9989<\/td>0.9989<\/td>0.9994<\/td><\/tr>
C18:0<\/td>0.9978<\/td>0.9989<\/td>0.9989<\/td>0.9994<\/td><\/tr>
C18:1<\/td>0.9975<\/td>0.9987<\/td>0.9986<\/td>0.9993<\/td><\/tr>
C18:2<\/td>0.9985<\/td>0.9992<\/td>0.9982<\/td>0.9991<\/td><\/tr>
C18:3<\/td>0.9972<\/td>0.9986<\/td>0.9990<\/td>0.9995<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Jet Fuel Analysis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Suitability of the Stabilwax column for the analysis of biodiesel FAME in jet fuel under method IP 585 conditions was evaluated using jet fuel samples that were fortified either with FAME standard or with soy biodiesel B100. As discussed in the method, methyl oleate (C18:1) sometimes elutes as two peaks falling within half a minute of each other that correspond to the cis<\/em> and trans<\/em> isomers of methyl oleate. This was observed in the soy biodiesel B100 analysis (Figure 3), so results for the individual isomers were combined for reporting as directed in Method IP 585.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The unfortified jet fuel itself was found to contain 1.5 mg\/kg of methyl oleate. This small amount of contamination was background subtracted from the calculated results for the fortified samples. Reported results were also adjusted for solvent\/sample density differences as per the method. As shown in Table V, the final results deviated only minimally from the expected values, demonstrating that the Stabilwax column performed very well under method conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n

Figure 3:<\/strong>\u00a0Biodiesel Sample in Isooctane with\u00a0cis\/trans<\/em>\u00a0C18:1 Isomers<\/div>
\n
\"Soy<\/div>

GC_PC1315<\/p>

Peaks<\/h4>\n
<\/th>Peaks<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n
1.<\/td>Methyl hexadecanoate (C16:0,methyl palmitate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>Methyl heptadecanoate-d33 (IS, methyl margarate-d33)<\/td><\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>Methyl octadecanoate (C18:0, methyl stearate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>cis-Methyl octadecenoate (C18:1, methyl oleate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>trans-\tMethyl octadecenoate (C18:1, methyl oleate)\t<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>Methyl octadecadienoate (C18:2, methyl linoleate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>Methyl octadecatrienoate (C18:3, methyl linolenate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div>
<\/path><\/g><\/path><\/g><\/svg>Download PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Table V:<\/strong> Results of FAME Fortified Jet Fuel Analysis (mg\/kg)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compound<\/strong><\/td>FAME Compounds and Jet Fuel<\/strong><\/td>Biodiesel and Jet Fuel<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Neat
Jet
Fuel<\/strong><\/td>		36 mg\/kg Total FAME<\/strong><\/td>60 mg\/kg Total FAME<\/strong><\/td>120 mg\/kg Total FAME<\/strong><\/td>85 mg\/kg Biodiesel in Isooctane<\/strong><\/td>85 mg\/kg Biodiesel in Jet Fuel<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
C16:0<\/strong><\/td>0<\/td>5.8<\/td>9.4<\/td>19.2<\/td>8.7<\/td>8.4<\/td><\/tr>
C17:0<\/strong><\/td>0<\/td>5.8<\/td>9.8<\/td>18.8<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
C18:0<\/strong><\/td>0<\/td>6.1<\/td>10.4<\/td>18.9<\/td>3.4<\/td>3.7<\/td><\/tr>
C18:1<\/strong><\/td>1.5<\/td>7.6<\/td>11.8<\/td>19.8<\/td>17.5<\/td>20.7<\/td><\/tr>
C18:2<\/strong><\/td>0<\/td>7.9<\/td>11.4<\/td>21.2<\/td>45.0<\/td>43.5<\/td><\/tr>
C18:3<\/strong><\/td>0<\/td>5.7<\/td>9.5<\/td>18.3<\/td>6.9<\/td>6.5<\/td><\/tr>
Total FAME (mg\/kg)<\/strong><\/td>1.5<\/td>39.0<\/td>62.2<\/td>116.1<\/td>81.5<\/td>82.8<\/td><\/tr>
Total FAME -Jet Fuel contribution (mg\/kg)<\/strong><\/td>\u2013<\/td>37.5<\/td>60.7<\/td>114.6<\/td>\u2013<\/td>81.3<\/td><\/tr>
% Deviation*<\/strong><\/td>\u2013<\/td>4.1%<\/td>1.2%<\/td>4.5%<\/td>\u2013<\/td>0.4%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

*% Deviation is calculated as the deviation between the measured FAME value and the nominal fortified FAME value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peak Identification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The high concentration of hydrocarbons in the jet fuel matrix can cause the less abundant FAME peaks to shift to slightly longer retention times compared to where they elute when in solvent (Figure 4). This occurs after injection because large numbers of heavy hydrocarbons are focused at the beginning of the column, effectively creating another layer through which the FAME compounds must partition. This effect is more pronounced with early eluting compounds, but the net effect is relatively minor because the analysis is done in SIM mode and the MS software can generally identify the unique FAME ions and compensate for the retention time shift. Fortifying a jet fuel sample with a relatively high concentration of FAME is a good way to confirm identification of the FAME compounds in the SIM chromatogram. The calibration table can then be updated with corrected retention times and the final quantitative report can be generated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Note that when analyzing jet fuel (especially heavier naphtha-type jet fuels), carryover matrix noise may be observed. However, this will not affect peak identification or interfere with the selected ions, nor will it add to the total mass of the FAME compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n

Figure 4:<\/strong>\u00a0Overlay of SIM\/SCAN Mode Analyses of a 10 mg\/kg FAME Standard, 36 mg\/kg FAME Fortified Jet Fuel Sample, and 60 mg\/kg FAME Fortified Jet Fuel Sample<\/div>
\n
\"Matrix<\/div>

GC_PC1316<\/p>

Peaks<\/h4>\n
<\/th>Peaks<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n
1.<\/td>Methyl hexadecanoate (C16:0,methyl palmitate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>Methyl heptadecanoate-d33 (IS, methyl margarate-d33)<\/td><\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>Methyl heptadecanoate (C17:0, methyl margarate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>Methyl octadecanoate (C18:0, methyl stearate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>Methyl octadecenoate (C18:1, methyl oleate)<\/td><\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>Methyl octadecadienoate (C18:2, methyl linoleate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>Methyl octadecatrienoate (C18:3, methyl linolenate)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div>
<\/path><\/g><\/path><\/g><\/svg>Download PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Using Method IP 585 with a Stabilwax column is a fast, effective way to analyze biodiesel FAME in jet fuel. With the allowable limit for jet fuel A-1 having been increased to 50 ppm, FAME compounds can be easily distinguished from background noise using GC-MS in SIM mode. The Stabilwax column was proven to be a good choice for this analysis, giving FAME compounds enough retention to be positively identified in the jet fuel matrix. Method calibration curve criteria were met and good recoveries of the total FAME content in jet fuel were obtained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[1] Energy Institute, IP 585, Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), derived from bio-diesel fuel in aviation turbine fuel\u2014GC-MS with selective ion monitoring\/scan detection method, January 2010. http:\/\/publishing.energyinst.org\/topics\/renewables\/biofuels\/ip-585-determination-of-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-fame,-derived-from-bio-diesel-fuel,-in-aviation-turbine-fuel-gc-ms-with-selective-ion-monitoringscan-detection-method<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

Products Mentioned<\/h3>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n Catalog No. 10641 <\/a> <\/div>\n
\n
Stabilwax GC Capillary Column, 60 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.50 \u00b5m<\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n \u67e5\u770b\u4ea7\u54c1<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Catalog No. 23303 <\/a> <\/div>\n
\n
Topaz, Single Taper Inlet Liner, 4.0 mm x 6.5 x 78.5, for Agilent GCs, w\/Quartz Wool, Premium Deactivation, 5-pk.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n \u67e5\u770b\u4ea7\u54c1<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n\n\n
<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Accurate analysis of biodiesel FAME in jet fuel is critical for ensuring that contamination levels do not exceed allowable limits. Method IP 585 is commonly used for this analysis and here we perform the method using a Stabilwax column and GC-MS in SIM mode. Method calibration curve criteria were met and good recoveries of the total FAME content in jet fuel were 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